Fraxinus

Fraxinus is a genus of flowering plants in the olive family Oleaceae, comprising several dozen species of deciduous trees and shrubs native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, Asia, and North America. The exact species count varies by classification, commonly cited as about 40 to 60.

Most Fraxinus species are medium to large trees with strong, close-grained wood. Leaves are opposite and typically pinnate with 5 to 11 leaflets, though some species have simple leaves. In spring, small inconspicuous flowers appear in clusters, followed by the characteristic winged seeds called samaras.

Fraxinus species grow in woodlands, river valleys, and urban settings. European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is widespread across Europe and western Asia; in North America, prominent species include green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and white ash (Fraxinus americana).

Ash trees face significant threats from pests and pathogens, notably the emerald ash borer in North America and the fungal disease ash dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) in Europe. Some species and populations show resistance, and management strategies emphasize monitoring, prevention of spread, and selective planting.

Fraxinus timber is valued for its strength, hardness, and elasticity, making it suitable for tool handles, furniture, sporting goods, and cabinetry. The trees are also planted ornamentally in parks and along streets.

The genus name Fraxinus derives from Latin for ash. Fraxinus belongs to Oleaceae and is related to lilacs and olives. Notable species include Fraxinus excelsior, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Fraxinus americana, and Fraxinus nigra.