Fosfodiesteraz
Fosfodiesteraz, commonly known as phosphodiesterases (PDEs), are a family of enzymes that hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds in nucleotides. In humans and other organisms, the most studied substrates are cyclic nucleotides, particularly cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). By breaking these second messengers to their inactive 5'-monophosphate forms, PDEs regulate signaling pathways that control processes such as energy metabolism, muscle relaxation, neurotransmission, and cardiovascular function.
In mammals, phosphodiesterases are encoded by eleven gene families, PDE1 through PDE11, with multiple isoforms. Substrate
Physiological roles of PDEs are diverse. By shaping intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP, they modulate signaling
Beyond humans, bacterial PDEs regulate second messenger systems such as c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP, impacting biofilm formation