Fluorokinoloniot

Fluorokinoloniot is not a standard term in medical literature and likely refers to fluoroquinolones, a class of broad‑spectrum antibiotics. Fluoroquinolones are synthetic agents that kill bacteria by inhibiting DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and, in many agents, topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for bacterial DNA replication and transcription. Common members include ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and ofloxacin, along with newer drugs such as delafloxacin and finafloxacin.

These drugs are used to treat a variety of infections, including complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, intra‑abdominal infections, and some sexually transmitted infections. The choice of agent depends on the suspected pathogens, local resistance patterns, and patient factors such as comorbidities and organ function.

Pharmacokinetics vary by drug but most fluoroquinolones are available orally and intravenously, with good oral bioavailability and extensive tissue penetration. Renal clearance is common, necessitating dose adjustments in renal impairment; some drugs are primarily hepatically cleared.

Adverse effects range from mild to serious. Common issues include gastrointestinal upset, rash, and photosensitivity. Serious but less frequent events include tendinopathy and tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, central nervous system effects, and QT interval prolongation, which can be problematic in patients with cardiac risk. Interactions with multivalent cations (antacids, iron, zinc, sucralfate) can reduce absorption.

Resistance arises mainly from mutations in gyrA/gyrB and parC, along with efflux mechanisms and, less commonly, plasmid‑mediated determinants. Because of safety and resistance concerns, fluoroquinolones are often reserved for indications where alternatives are limited.