Fertilitets

Fertilitet, or fertility, is the capacity to conceive and bear offspring. It reflects a combination of biological, behavioral, and environmental factors that influence reproductive success. In humans, female fertility is highest in the late teens to late 20s and declines with age, particularly after about 35. Male fertility also declines with age, generally more gradually.

Infertility is commonly defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse (or six months for people over 35). Causes can involve female factors such as ovulatory disorders, tubal blockage, and endometriosis; male factors such as low sperm count, poor motility, or abnormal morphology; or both. Lifestyle and health issues—weight, smoking, alcohol use, chronic illness, medications—can also affect fertility.

Assessment may include semen analysis, hormonal testing (for example FSH, LH, estradiol, anti-Müllerian hormone), ultrasound to evaluate ovarian reserve, and procedures to assess tubal patency or uterine conditions. Treatments range from lifestyle changes and timed intercourse to medical and surgical options. Assisted reproductive technologies include intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF), often with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Fertility preservation, such as egg or sperm freezing, is available for those facing medical treatment or age-related decline. Access to fertility care varies by country and policy.

Fertility trends and the use of assisted reproduction continue to rise in many regions, influenced by demographic and economic factors.