FGDs

A focus group discussion (FGD) is a qualitative research method in which a trained facilitator leads a guided conversation among a small group of participants to explore perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and experiences about a specific topic. The group interaction helps surface norms, language, and shared meanings that may not emerge in individual interviews.

Implementation typically involves recruiting participants who meet predefined criteria and organizing sessions that last about 60 to 120 minutes. A semi-structured discussion guide directs the conversation, while a moderator fosters equal participation and a note-taker may record nonverbal cues and logistics. Sessions are usually audio-recorded with informed consent and conducted in a neutral, comfortable setting. Researchers often run multiple groups to achieve saturation, and sometimes use homogeneous groups to encourage open discussion or mixed groups to compare perspectives.

Data handling involves transcribing recordings and applying thematic analysis to identify patterns, themes, and divergences. Field notes and observations may supplement transcripts, and findings are reported with attention to context and limitations, including the influence of group dynamics.

FGDs offer strengths such as rich, contextual data and the ability to reveal social norms and interactions within a group. Limitations include potential biases from dominant participants, social desirability effects, non-representativeness, and the need for skilled moderation and careful analysis. Variants include virtual FGDs, mini-FGDs with smaller numbers of participants, and rapid FGDs for quick insights.

Applications span public health, social science, market research, policy development, and program evaluation. Ethical considerations emphasize informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity where possible, and respectful facilitation.