Exfoliant

An exfoliant is a substance or product designed to remove dead skin cells from the surface of the skin, helping to improve texture, brightness, and the effectiveness of other skincare products. Exfoliation can be achieved through physical or chemical means, and is commonly used in facial care as well as body routines.

Physical exfoliants use abrasive particles or tools to mechanically slough off dead skin cells. Examples include scrubs with granules such as sugar, salt, coffee grounds, or ground seeds, as well as devices like brushes or loofahs. Chemical exfoliants rely on active ingredients that loosen or dissolve the bonds between dead skin cells or digest proteins that hold skin cells together. These include alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs, such as glycolic and lactic acids), beta-hydroxy acids (BHAs, notably salicylic acid), and enzymatic preparations containing proteolytic enzymes like papain or bromelain.

Chemical exfoliants can be formulated for varying strengths and skin types. AHAs are generally water-soluble and act on the skin surface, benefiting dry or dull skin; BHAs penetrate oily pores and help with acne and keratin plugs. Enzyme exfoliants tend to be milder and suited for sensitive skin, though effectiveness varies.

Proper use is important to minimize irritation. Start slowly, patch test, and avoid using exfoliants on broken skin or in combination with irritants such as retinoids or other acids in the same routine. Frequency depends on skin type and product strength: physical exfoliants may be used 1–3 times weekly; chemical exfoliants often 1–4 times weekly but care must be taken not to overdo it. After exfoliation, moisturize and apply sunscreen, as regenerated skin can be more vulnerable to UV damage.

Over-exfoliation can disrupt the skin barrier, leading to redness, sensitivity, or increased dryness. People with rosacea, eczema, or inflammatory skin conditions should consult a dermatologist before using exfoliants.