Epicureanismit

Epicureanism is an ancient Greek philosophical school founded by Epicurus in the 4th century BCE. It emphasizes the pursuit of happiness and the attainment of tranquility (*ataraxia*) through a life guided by reason and moderation. Epicurus believed that the ultimate goal of human existence is to achieve pleasure, not in the sense of indulgence, but as the absence of pain and disturbance, allowing for a peaceful and fulfilling life.

Central to Epicurean thought is the idea that pleasure is the absence of bodily pain and mental disturbance, rather than the presence of intense sensations. Epicurus taught that desires can be divided into natural and necessary (such as food and shelter), natural but not necessary (such as luxury), and neither natural nor necessary (such as excessive ambition). By focusing on fulfilling only the first category, one can avoid unnecessary suffering and achieve contentment.

Epicurus also developed a materialist philosophy, arguing that the universe is composed of atoms moving through the void. This deterministic view implies that events, including human actions, are governed by natural laws, which can be understood through observation and reason. He rejected the fear of the gods, asserting that the divine beings, if they exist, are immortal but not concerned with human affairs.

The Epicurean school emphasized friendship, as mutual support and companionship contribute to happiness. Epicurus believed that true friendship is built on shared values, trust, and the absence of selfish motives. His teachings were preserved in the writings of his followers, particularly in the *Letter to Menoeceus* and the *Principal Doctrines*, which summarize his core ideas.

Epicureanism influenced later philosophical traditions, including Stoicism and modern secular humanism. While often misunderstood as a philosophy of hedonism, Epicureanism advocates for a disciplined and thoughtful approach to life, prioritizing inner peace and rational living.