Epicurean

Epicurean refers to the philosophy and followers of Epicurus, a Hellenistic thinker, as well as to a temperament that seeks refined, tranquil pleasures. The Epicurean school, known as the Garden, was founded in Athens in the 4th century BCE and developed into a systematic approach to living well through the pursuit of modest, sustainable happiness.

At the core of Epicureanism is the aim of attaining happiness through the elimination of pain and disturbance. Pleasure is defined as the absence of bodily pain (aponia) and mental distress (ataraxia). Rather than pursuing loud or intense thrills, Epicureans emphasize prudent management of desires. Natural and necessary desires (food, shelter, friendship) are to be fulfilled, while vain desires (power, fame, wealth) are to be avoided or minimized. The good life is thus a simple, self-sufficient one guided by reason and personal tranquility, with friendship regarded as a central support.

Metaphysically, Epicurus adopted a form of atomism: the world consists of atoms moving in the void, and gods, if they exist, are not involved in human affairs. Death is nothing to fear, since consciousness ceases with the body. Epistemologically, knowledge comes through sense experience and reasoning, and philosophy serves as therapy for fear and ignorance, rather than a weapon of speculation.

Influence and reception: Epicureanism influenced later Roman writers such as Lucretius and a broad tradition of secular naturalism. In modern usage, “Epicurean” can also describe someone who pursues refined, sophisticated pleasures, especially in food and comfort, though true Epicurean ethics advocate moderation rather than indulgence.