Enkratism

Enkratism is a set of ascetical practices and beliefs that emphasize self-control and abstinence, particularly regarding carnal desires and worldly pleasures. The term derives from the Greek word enkrateia, meaning "self-mastery" or "continence." While not a distinct religion in itself, enkratism has appeared in various historical and religious contexts, often as a radical interpretation of existing doctrines.

Early Christian enkratism, prominent in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, involved abstaining from marriage, meat, and wine, viewing them as inherently impure or corrupting. Some groups associated with enkratism were labeled as heretical by mainstream Christian authorities due to their strict asceticism and sometimes dualistic theological views, which posited a conflict between a spiritual and a material realm. Notable figures associated with these ideas include Tatian, who advocated for abstinence from wine and marriage.

Enkratist ideals have also been observed in other traditions, including certain forms of Gnosticism, Manichaeism, and even some Buddhist monastic practices. The core principle remains a profound emphasis on restraining physical appetites to achieve spiritual purity, enlightenment, or a closer connection to the divine. The specific practices and theological underpinnings can vary significantly between different movements that exhibit enkratist tendencies.