Encapsulated

Encapsulated is an adjective referring to something that is enclosed within a capsule, vessel, or protective boundary. The term is used across disciplines to indicate isolation, protection, or controlled interaction between the enclosed content and its surroundings. Encapsulation often implies that the interior is shielded from external factors or released in a regulated manner.

In computing, encapsulation is a fundamental object-oriented programming principle. It involves bundling data with the methods that operate on that data while restricting direct access to the internal state. Through access modifiers and well-defined interfaces, encapsulation hides implementation details and exposes a stable public surface, improving modularity, maintainability, and security.

In chemistry and pharmaceutics, encapsulation encloses active ingredients within a protective matrix or coating. Microencapsulation or nanoencapsulation uses polymers, lipids, or other materials to shield contents from the environment, control release, enhance stability, or mask taste. Encapsulated formulations are common in drugs, fragrances, and food additives.

In biology and medicine, encapsulation can refer to enclosing cells, organisms, or biomolecules within a barrier such as alginate beads or lipid membranes. This can enable immobilization, protect against immune responses, or enable targeted delivery and sustained release in therapies.

In materials science, encapsulation creates encapsulated phase-change materials, sensors, or catalysts. The capsule preserves the active material until triggering conditions—such as temperature, moisture, or pH—prompt release or activation. Encapsulation thus serves to protect, control, or concentrate functionality across multiple fields.