Embolisia

Embolisia is a term used in some medical discussions to describe a proposed syndrome of widespread microvascular obstruction caused by embolic material. It is not a widely recognized clinical diagnosis and the usage appears predominantly in theoretical or educational contexts rather than in formal guidelines.

Definition and scope: Embolisia refers to occlusion of small arteries and capillaries by emboli of various origins (thrombotic debris, fat, air, septic material, tumor fragments, or foreign bodies). The resulting ischemia can affect multiple organ systems, with presentation depending on where the emboli lodge.

Etiology and pathophysiology: Emboli may arise from cardiac sources (such as atrial fibrillation or myocardial infarction), vascular injury, long bone fractures, invasive procedures, infections, malignancy, or iatrogenic air introduction. The pathophysiology involves disruption of microcirculation, tissue ischemia, infarction, inflammation, and potential reperfusion injury.

Clinical features and diagnosis: Patients may present with acute neurological deficits, chest pain, abdominal pain, renal or hepatic dysfunction, pulmonary symptoms, or generalized malaise. Septic emboli may cause fever and bacteremia. Diagnostic work-up includes imaging (CT or MR angiography showing multiple vascular occlusions or infarcts), echocardiography to identify cardiac sources, and laboratory tests such as inflammatory markers and coagulation studies.

Management: Management focuses on treating the underlying embolic source and supporting affected organs. Anticoagulation may be used when thromboembolism is suspected and not contraindicated; antibiotics for septic emboli; interventional or surgical measures to remove embolic material when feasible; and general critical care support. There are no universal guidelines specific to embolisia; care follows principles for embolic disease and critical illness.

Prognosis and epidemiology: Data on incidence and prognosis are limited due to the non-standardized status of the term. Outcomes depend on the extent of embolic burden and the organs involved.

See also: embolism, microembolism, infarction, vasculopathy.