Electrochemically

Electrochemically is an adverb describing actions or processes governed by electrochemistry—the study of chemical changes that are coupled with the transfer of electric charge. In electrochemical systems, redox reactions occur at an electrode–electrolyte interface, coupling chemical transformation with electrical energy. Such processes can generate electricity in galvanic cells or require energy input in electrolytic cells.

A typical setup includes two or more electrodes, an electrolyte, and often a reference electrode. The driving forces are electrode potentials determined by redox couples, and the amount of material transformed is described by Faraday's laws. Reaction rates at interfaces depend on overpotential, charge transfer kinetics, mass transport, and surface conditions.

Electrochemical methods such as voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy probe reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and diffusion. These tools are used to analyze fuels and batteries, corrosion, sensors, and various forms of electroplating and surface treatment.

Applications span energy storage and generation, including batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells; materials processing such as electroplating and electropolishing; corrosion prevention and control; and analytical chemistry through electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and industrial processes. Foundational concepts include Faraday's laws and the Nernst equation, which relate transferred charge to substance quantity and potential to concentrations. Ongoing research focuses on sustainable synthesis, advanced materials, and in situ electrochemical diagnostics.