Ektoparasidideks

Ektoparasidideks is a term used, particularly in Estonian-language sources, to refer to organisms that live on the exterior of a host and obtain sustenance from it. In a broader sense they are known as ectoparasites. They can inhabit the skin, fur, hair, or feathers of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Ectoparasides differ from endoparasites, which live inside the host’s body.

Common examples include fleas, ticks, lice, and mites. These arthropods attach to the host during feeding, causing irritation and potential tissue damage. Some mites and lice spend their entire life cycle on the host; others alternate between host and environment. Ectoparasides can act as vectors for pathogens and may contribute to secondary infections.

Effects on hosts range from mild irritation and dermatitis to more serious outcomes such as anemia in heavy infestations. They are also important in the transmission of diseases, including bacterial and viral infections, when vectors feed on multiple hosts. The impact varies by species, frequency of contact, and host health.

Control and prevention emphasize integrated approaches. Personal protection (repellents, protective clothing, regular inspection), veterinary care (ectoparasiticide treatments and routine grooming), and environmental management (cleanliness, habitat modification) are common components. Resistance to chemicals and concerns about non-target effects can complicate management, underscoring the need for species-specific strategies and proper product use. See also ectoparasites and vector-borne diseases.