ESD

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is the sudden transfer of charge between two objects with different electrical potentials, typically caused by contact or close proximity. Static charges can accumulate on insulating materials, packaging, clothing, and human bodies. When a charged object touches or comes near a grounded or differently charged object, a rapid discharge occurs as charges seek equilibrium.

ESD can damage electronic components and assemblies, particularly integrated circuits and microprocessors. Discharges can puncture oxide layers, cause electromigration, or create latent defects that reduce reliability or trigger intermittent failures. Some devices may fail at discharge magnitudes perceptible to the human body, while others fail only after repeated exposures or over time. ESD susceptibility is evaluated using models such as the human body model (HBM), charged device model (CDM), and machine model (MM).

Mitigation relies on an ESD control program that includes grounding personnel with wrist straps, using ESD-safe work surfaces and tools, and employing appropriate packaging and containers. Controlling humidity, using ionizers to neutralize charges on insulators, and designing ESD-safe handling processes are common measures. Standards such as ANSI/ESD S20.20 and IEC 61340-5-1 provide requirements for program management, materials, and testing to reduce ESD risk.