Dëshmi

Dëshmi refers to information or material presented to establish the truth of a claim in judicial, administrative, or investigative contexts. It is used to prove, support, or refute facts relevant to a case or inquiry, and can take several forms.

Common types of dëshmi include: dëshmi gojore (oral testimony), dëshmi dokumentare (documents such as contracts, records, or emails), dëshmi materiale or fizike (physical objects like a weapon, a photograph, or a fingerprint), and dëshmi dixhitale (digital evidence such as data, logs, or electronic communications). Expert opinions offered by specialists are also considered dëshmi, as are demonstrations or other indications accepted by the trier of fact.

In legal proceedings, dëshmi is evaluated for relevance, authenticity, and reliability. Admissibility is governed by rules that may exclude unlawfully obtained or unduly prejudicial evidence. Chain of custody, proper preservation, and the ability to cross-examine witnesses or challenge documents affect the weight assigned to each item of evidence. Different jurisdictions assign different standards of proof, with civil cases typically requiring a balance of probabilities and criminal cases often requiring a higher standard such as beyond reasonable doubt.

Limitations on dëshmi can arise from hearsay rules, privacy protections, and the risk of bias or inaccuracy. Despite these limits, a coherent body of evidence is normally required to substantiate claims in disputes, investigations, and administrative decisions.