Dysbioosi

Dysbioosi, or dysbiosis, refers to an imbalance in the gut microbiota, in which the normal diversity and relative abundance of intestinal microbes are disrupted. This imbalance can involve a reduction in beneficial bacteria, an overgrowth of potentially harmful species, or shifts in microbial functions. Dysbioosi is not a single disease but a state that has been linked to a range of health conditions.

Causes and risk factors commonly associated with dysbioosi include antibiotic use, infections of the gastrointestinal tract, dietary changes (for example, low fiber intake or high-fat, high-sugar diets), aging, obesity, and chronic stress. Medical treatments such as proton pump inhibitors and certain immunosuppressants can also influence the gut microbiome. Host factors including genetics and underlying diseases can contribute to susceptibility.

Clinical relevance varies. Dysbioosi has been associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, as well as metabolic conditions like obesity and diabetes, and with allergic or autoimmune phenomena. Symptoms, when present, may include bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, or gas, but many people with dysbiosis do not have overt symptoms. It is also possible for dysbiosis to occur without causing disease, or to be a consequence of another illness.

Diagnosis remains challenging. There is no universally accepted test or criteria for dysbiosis, and findings from microbiome sequencing must be interpreted cautiously. Diagnosis often relies on clinical context, exclusion of other conditions, and, in research settings, analysis of microbial composition and diversity.

Management focuses on addressing underlying factors and supporting a healthy microbiome. Approaches may include dietary modification to increase fiber and microbial diversity, targeted use of probiotics or prebiotics, and in certain cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (notably for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection). Responsible antibiotic stewardship and cautious use of nonessential medications are also important.