His early career was marked by both literary success and financial struggles. In 1846, he published his first novel, *Poor Folk*, which gained critical acclaim, but his subsequent works, including *The Double* (1846) and *Netochka Nezvanova* (1849), were less well-received. In 1849, Dostoevsky was arrested and sentenced to death for participating in a political discussion circle, though his punishment was commuted to four years of forced labor in Siberia. This experience profoundly shaped his worldview, instilling in him a deep sympathy for the suffering of ordinary people and a skepticism toward radical ideologies.
After his release in 1854, Dostoevsky worked as a journalist and later traveled extensively in Europe, which further broadened his intellectual horizons. His most celebrated works, including *Notes from Underground* (1864), *Crime and Punishment* (1866), *The Idiot* (1869), and *The Brothers Karamazov* (1880), explore complex psychological and philosophical themes such as guilt, redemption, morality, and the nature of human existence. His writing is characterized by deep psychological insight, rich symbolism, and a profound exploration of the human condition, often blending realism with existential and metaphysical concerns.
Dostoevsky’s religious and philosophical views evolved over time, influenced by his Orthodox Christian faith and his encounters with various ideological movements. He was a vocal critic of materialism, atheism, and utopian socialism, advocating instead for a spiritual and moral approach to life. His works continue to be studied and admired for their psychological depth, philosophical richness, and enduring relevance to contemporary issues.
Dostoevsky died on February 9, 1881, in St. Petersburg, leaving behind a literary legacy that has had an immense impact on literature, psychology, and philosophy. His novels remain foundational texts in world literature, celebrated for their exploration of the human soul and their profound insights into the complexities of existence.