Diskriminaní

Diskriminaní is a term used in sociological and legal discussions to denote the act, practice, or condition of treating individuals or groups differently based on perceived or ascribed characteristics, such as race, gender, age, religion, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, or nationality. It encompasses both overt acts of bias and more subtle forms of exclusion.

Discrimination can be categorized into several types. Direct discrimination occurs when a policy or action explicitly disadvantages a group. Indirect discrimination arises when a neutral rule disproportionately harms a marginalized group. Systemic or institutional discrimination is embedded in laws, policies, or practices across organizations or sectors. Interpersonal discrimination occurs in daily interactions and social exchanges.

Mechanisms and effects: It can limit access to employment, housing, education, healthcare, and civic participation, leading to adverse economic and health outcomes. It may be reinforced by stereotypes, social norms, and power imbalances. Intersectionality notes that people can face discrimination on multiple axes simultaneously, such as race and gender or disability and age.

Legal and policy framework: Many countries prohibit discrimination through constitutions, civil rights laws, or specific statutes in areas like labor, housing, and education. International instruments, including United Nations human rights conventions, require states to prevent and remedy discrimination and to promote equality before the law.

Measurement and research: Researchers use audits, field experiments, surveys, and administrative data to study discrimination, identify disparities, and evaluate policies. Debates include the role of affirmative or positive discrimination as a tool to counteract historical injustices.

Etymology and usage: The term derives from Latin discriminare, with cognates in many languages; in English and most European languages the standard term is discrimination, while diskriminaní may appear as a regional or stylized variant.