Disability

Disability is a broad term for conditions that limit a person's ability to perform ordinary activities or participate in society. Disabilities can be physical, sensory, intellectual, or mental. They may be visible or invisible and can arise from birth, illness, injury, or aging. The impact of a disability is shaped by the interaction between a person and their environment, including access to information, services, and supportive communities.

There are different ways to understand disability. The medical model treats disability as a problem located in the individual. The social model emphasizes barriers created by society, such as inaccessible buildings, prejudice, and inflexible policies. Modern discussions often integrate both views and stress removing environmental and attitudinal barriers through accessibility, accommodations, and inclusive policies.

Disabilities are diverse, including mobility impairments, visual or hearing loss, cognitive or developmental differences, and chronic or mental health conditions. They can be permanent or temporary and may fluctuate. People with disabilities may require accommodations in education, employment, healthcare, housing, and transportation. The aim is full participation and equal rights, not merely treatment or cure.

Rights and protection: many countries have laws prohibiting discrimination and mandating accessibility. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities promotes equality and independent living. Approaches such as universal design, assistive technologies, sign language access, and inclusive education help reduce barriers. Global estimates suggest about 15% of people worldwide have some form of disability.