Depresí

Depresí is a mental health condition characterized by persistent low mood, a loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, and a range of emotional and physical symptoms that impair daily functioning. It is a common condition worldwide and can vary in severity from mild to severe. The term is used in several languages to refer to depressive disorders, most often major depressive disorder or clinically significant depressive symptoms.

Core symptoms typically include prolonged sadness or emptiness, anhedonia, fatigue, sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, concentration difficulties, Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, and psychomotor changes. These symptoms must be present most days for most of the day and cause distress or impairment, usually lasting at least two weeks.

Causes arise from a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Family history, neurotransmitter changes, hormonal fluctuations, chronic illness, substance use, trauma, and enduring stress increase risk. Life events or social factors can interact with an individual’s vulnerability to trigger depressive episodes.

Diagnosis is clinical, often guided by criteria from DSM-5-TR or ICD-11. Screening tools such as the PHQ-9 may aid assessment but are not definitive. Healthcare providers also assess for medical conditions that may mimic depression and for patterns that suggest bipolar disorder or other psychiatric conditions.

Treatment generally involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication, tailored to the person. Evidence-based options include cognitive-behavioral therapy and other psychotherapies, along with antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Other medications (e.g., SNRIs, bupropion, mirtazapine) may be used as appropriate. In severe or resistant cases, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may be considered. Lifestyle factors, sleep, physical activity, and social support play important supportive roles. If you or someone is in crisis, seek immediate help from emergency services or a helpline.

See also: depression, mood disorders, suicide prevention.