Demüelinisatsioonihaigusi

Demüelinisatsioonihaigusi refer to a group of neurological disorders characterized by damage to the myelin sheath, a protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Myelin acts as an insulator, enabling rapid and efficient transmission of nerve impulses. When myelin is damaged or destroyed, this process is disrupted, leading to a variety of neurological symptoms.

The exact causes of demyelinating diseases are diverse and not always fully understood. They can be autoimmune, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own myelin. Genetic factors can also play a role in some conditions. Infections, such as certain viral or bacterial infections, can sometimes trigger demyelination. Environmental factors and toxins have also been implicated in some cases.

The symptoms of demyelinating diseases vary widely depending on the location and extent of the myelin damage. Common symptoms include motor deficits like weakness, spasticity, and coordination problems. Sensory disturbances such as numbness, tingling, and pain are also frequent. Visual problems, including blurred vision or double vision, can occur if the optic nerves are affected. Cognitive impairments, fatigue, and bladder or bowel dysfunction can also be present.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of neurological examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize lesions in the brain and spinal cord, and sometimes lumbar puncture to analyze cerebrospinal fluid. Electrophysiological tests may also be used to assess nerve conduction. Treatment strategies aim to manage symptoms, reduce inflammation, and in some cases, slow disease progression. There is no universal cure for most demyelinating diseases, and management often involves a multidisciplinary approach.