Deaths

Death is the permanent cessation of all vital functions that sustain a living organism. In humans, it is defined medically by the irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or the irreversible loss of all brain function (brain death). Some jurisdictions recognize death when cardiopulmonary criteria are no longer met, while others rely on brain-based criteria, often requiring a formal determination by clinicians and, in some cases, a medical examiner.

Causes of death span a wide range of underlying conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, infections, injuries, and neurological disorders. External causes such as accidents and violence also contribute. Death patterns vary by age, sex, geography, and socioeconomic status, reflecting differences in health care, risk factors, and access to resources.

Measurement and data on mortality are collected through death certificates and coded causes of death (ICD codes). Demographic statistics are used to calculate mortality rates, life expectancy, and to analyze trends over time and across populations. These data inform public health planning and policy.

Legal and procedural aspects include death certification by a physician or authorized official. In many jurisdictions, a coroner or medical examiner oversees unattended deaths. Autopsies may be conducted to determine cause of death. Organ and tissue donation programs rely on consent and eligibility and intersect with medical and ethical considerations.

Social and cultural dimensions cover rituals, mourning practices, and beliefs that vary across cultures and religions. End-of-life care decisions, palliative care, hospice services, and discussions about advance directives and, where legal, euthanasia, shape experiences surrounding death and dying.

The study of death intersects with epidemiology, law, ethics, theology, and sociology, reflecting its profound impact on individuals and societies.