DIKWmallin

DIKWmallin, commonly referred to as the DIKW model, is a foundational concept in information science that describes how raw data are transformed into information, knowledge, and ultimately wisdom. It is frequently depicted as a pyramid, with data at the base and wisdom at the apex, emphasizing a progression from simple facts to mature judgment and insight.

The four levels are defined as follows:

- Data: raw, unprocessed symbols or observations lacking context.

- Information: data that have been organized, structured, or contextualized to convey meaning.

- Knowledge: information that has been interpreted, integrated, and can guide actions or decisions; it includes understanding, patterns, and rules.

- Wisdom: the ability to make sound, value-based judgments and long-term, ethical decisions using accumulated knowledge.

Origin and reception: the model is commonly attributed to Russell Ackoff and popularized in information science during the late 20th century. While it provides a useful heuristic for thinking about data use and decision making, the DIKW mallin has faced criticism. Critics argue that the progression is not strictly linear, that the boundaries between levels are vague, and that context, interpretation, and human judgment play central roles that resist rigid categorization. Some scholars also question the necessity of the pyramid metaphor, suggesting more interconnected or iterative models.

Applications: the model is used in knowledge management, data governance, information architecture, and education to illustrate how data assets can be refined into actionable insights and wise decisions. It serves as a conceptual tool for discussing data quality, context, and value, while acknowledging that real-world knowledge creation is complex and context-dependent.