Cytopathologists

Cytopathologists are physicians who specialize in cytopathology, the branch of pathology focused on diagnosing diseases at the cellular level from samples such as Pap smears, fine-needle aspiration biopsies, and body fluids. They interpret cytology specimens to identify malignancies, precancerous changes, infections, inflammatory conditions, and other pathologies, and may use ancillary tests such as immunocytochemistry and molecular assays. They also contribute to screening programs, quality assurance, and rapid on-site evaluations during procedures.

Training typically begins with a medical degree, followed by residency in pathology and a fellowship in cytopathology. Upon completion, physicians may seek board certification in Cytopathology by the American Board of Pathology. Ongoing continuing medical education is required to maintain certification.

Cytopathologists work in hospitals, academic medical centers, and reference laboratories. They sign out cytology reports for gynecologic, non-gynecologic, and specialty cytology. The gynecologic category includes Pap tests; non-gynecologic cytology covers fine-needle aspiration specimens from thyroid, breast, lymph nodes, and other sites, as well as body fluids and cerebrospinal fluid. They often supervise cytotechnologists who prepare slides and screen specimens, oversee laboratory quality programs, and provide diagnostic consultations to clinicians and surgeons. Collaboration with gynecologists, surgeons, radiologists, oncologists, and infectious disease specialists is common.

Cytopathologists are physicians, whereas cytotechnologists are allied professionals who perform slide preparation and screening under supervision. The field emphasizes accurate interpretation of cellular specimens to guide patient management and, when needed, to prompt further diagnostic workup.