Cynomys

Cynomys is a genus of rodent in the family Sciuridae, commonly known as prairie dogs. Native to the grasslands and deserts of North America, Cynomys species live in extensive burrow systems and form colonies called towns. They are social, diurnal herbivores that feed on grasses, forbs, seeds, and occasionally insects. Their daily activity centers on complex burrow networks that provide shelter, foraging sites, and escape routes from predators.

Five species are widely recognized in the genus Cynomys: Cynomys ludovicianus (black-tailed prairie dog), Cynomys leucurus (white-tailed prairie dog), Cynomys parvidens (Utah prairie dog), Cynomys mexicanus (Mexican prairie dog), and Cynomys gunnisoni (Gunnison's prairie dog).

Adults range in size from about 25 to 40 centimeters in total length, including a short tail, and weigh roughly 400 to 1,500 grams depending on species and sex. They have strong claws for digging and a robust body adapted to burrowing. Coloring varies among species and can shift with seasons.

Prairie dogs live in coteries within towns composed of multiple family groups. They exhibit cooperative breeding and a social structure with specialized roles. They are known for their alarm calls, which convey information about predator type and distance. They hibernate in colder climates and forage during the day.

Ecologically, prairie dogs influence plant communities and provide habitat for many other species, making them a keystone species in some ecosystems. Populations are affected by habitat loss, land-use changes, and disease, notably plague caused by Yersinia pestis. Some species have experienced declines and are monitored or protected in parts of their range, while others remain relatively common.