Cyborgs

A cyborg, or cybernetic organism, is an entity that combines biological tissue with artificial components to enhance or restore function. Cyborgs can range from medical devices that integrate with the nervous system to fully integrated systems that extend physical or cognitive capabilities. The concept includes organisms with implanted sensors and actuators, prosthetic limbs controlled by neural signals, brain–computer interfaces, and devices that exchange information with biological tissue.

Origin and scope: The term cyborg was coined in the 1960s by Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline to describe beings designed for space exploration. Since then, real-world developments have progressed from basic implants to sophisticated neural interfaces and hybrid systems that blur the line between biology and technology. A cyborg does not necessarily imply artificial intelligence; rather, it denotes any organism augmented with mechanical or electronic elements.

Components and interfaces: A cyborg typically features a collaboration between organic tissue and artificial parts. The interface between the nervous system and devices is a key area of research, aiming for reliable bidirectional communication, safe energy supply, and seamless control.

Examples: Cochlear implants and retinal prostheses restore or improve sensory function by interfacing with neural pathways. Deep brain stimulation and other neural implants aid in treating neurological conditions. Advanced prosthetic limbs and exoskeletons can be controlled by brain or muscle signals. Brain–computer interfaces are used in medical, assistive, and experimental contexts.

Ethics and policy: Cyborg technologies raise issues of identity, autonomy, safety, privacy, and access. Regulation seeks to balance innovation with risk management and rights, while societal disparities in availability may affect equity and social outcomes.