Cryobiopsia

Cryobiopsia is a minimally invasive tissue sampling technique that uses a cryoprobe to extract biopsy cores from living tissue. The probe is guided to the target area by imaging modalities such as ultrasound, fluoroscopy, or computed tomography. Once positioned, a controlled cold spray—generally liquid nitrogen or argon gas—is directed at the tissue for a few seconds, causing localized freezing. The frozen tissue adheres to the probe and is then withdrawn, delivering a core that can undergo histologic, molecular, or microbiologic analysis.

This method is employed in respiratory medicine, where transbronchial cryobiopsies provide larger, better-preserved lung tissue than traditional forceps biopsies, improving diagnostic yield for interstitial lung diseases and malignancies. Cryobiopsia is also used in gastroenterology for liver and biliary tract lesions, in dermatology for cutaneous nodules, and in musculoskeletal settings to sample soft tissue masses. Its versatility allows for subcutaneous and intra‑organ sampling with reduced mechanical trauma.

Advantages of cryobiopsia include larger specimen size, decreased crush artifact, and higher diagnostic accuracy, especially for fibrotic or inflammatory conditions. The procedure can be performed under local or general anesthesia, and the cold effect reduces bleeding. However, potential complications exist: hemorrhage, pneumothorax (particularly in lung procedures), nerve injury, or, rarely, tissue necrosis. The learning curve for probe handling and imaging guidance is significant, and equipment costs are higher than for conventional forceps.

Current research focuses on refining probe designs, optimizing freezing times, and expanding indications to cardiovascular, renal, and neurological tissues. Despite its promise, clinicians must weigh the benefits against procedural risks and institutional resources when selecting cryobiopsia for diagnostic purposes.