gastroenterology

Gastroenterology is a medical specialty focused on disorders of the digestive tract and liver. It encompasses diseases of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, as well as the biliary system and pancreas. Gastroenterologists diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions, perform endoscopic procedures, and coordinate care with surgeons, hepatologists, oncologists, and nutritionists. Training typically includes internal medicine residency followed by a fellowship in gastroenterology; board certification is common in many countries.

Common conditions include gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, infections, and colorectal polyps with cancer screening. Liver diseases such as viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and fatty liver disease, as well as biliary and pancreatic disorders like gallstones and pancreatitis, are within the field's scope. Gastroenterologists also manage functional and motility disorders and provide preventive care and surveillance.

Diagnostic and therapeutic tools include endoscopy, colonoscopy, and imaging techniques; advanced options include endoscopic ultrasound and ERCP. Capsule endoscopy, mucosal imaging, and various biopsy techniques aid diagnosis. Treatments range from pharmacotherapy and dietary management to endoscopic interventions such as polypectomy, dilation, stenting, and removal of biliary stones. Surgeries are referred to as needed, with gastroenterologists often coordinating care with other specialists to optimize outcomes.

The discipline advances through research in diagnostic methods, new medications, and minimally invasive techniques. Public health roles include colorectal cancer screening, vaccination and antiviral therapies for liver disease, and management guidelines to improve patient outcomes. Ethical and patient-centered care, informed consent, and consideration of quality of life are emphasized in everyday practice.