Convertibles

Convertibles are passenger cars equipped with a roof that can be retracted, folded, or removed to create an open-air driving experience. Roof designs range from fabric soft tops to folding metal hardtops, and from fully removable tops to partially fixed arrangements such as targa tops. The general term convertible is used worldwide, while regional terms such as cabriolet (or cabrio) and roadster describe stylistic variations; roadsters traditionally denote sporty, two-seat open cars, whereas four-seat open models are often simply called convertibles or cabriolets.

Historically, open-top motoring evolved from horse-drawn carriages and early motor cars. The mid-20th century saw convertibles become popular in both mass-market and luxury segments, aided by advancements in lightweight materials and reinforced chassis design. Modern convertibles typically use power-operated roofs controlled by electric or hydraulic systems. Retractable hardtops offer a secure, insulated seal when closed, while fabric tops provide lighter weight and cost advantages. Some models use removable roof panels or specialized configurations such as the targa top, which retains a fixed roof structure for the area behind the doors.

Engineering and safety considerations are central to convertible design. The removal or folding of the roof reduces body rigidity, so manufacturers reinforce structures, install rollover protection, and use advanced materials to maintain stiffness and crash performance. Convertibles generally weigh more than their coupe equivalents, which can affect handling, performance, and fuel economy. They may also experience greater wind noise and climate-control demands, prompting features such as wind deflectors and improved insulation.

Market and ownership aspects include a niche appeal for the open-air experience, often with a premium price, higher maintenance costs for roof mechanisms, and regional seasonal usage influencing ownership and resale.