Contraception

Contraception, or birth control, refers to methods, devices, or practices used to prevent pregnancy. It encompasses a range of approaches that individuals and couples can choose from to plan if and when to have children. Contraceptive methods vary in how they work, how they are used, duration of effectiveness, and whether they also protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Methods are broadly grouped as hormonal, barrier, intrauterine devices (IUDs), sterilization, fertility awareness, and emergency contraception. Hormonal methods include combined estrogen-progestin or progestin-only pills, patches, rings, injections, implants, and hormonal IUDs. Barrier methods include male condoms, female condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and contraceptive sponges. IUDs can be copper or hormonal and are inserted for several years. Sterilization methods (tubal ligation for people assigned female at birth; vasectomy for those assigned male at birth) are intended as permanent. Fertility awareness methods involve tracking ovulation and abstaining or using barriers during fertile periods. Emergency contraception, such as high-dose hormones or copper IUDs, is used after unprotected sex to reduce pregnancy risk. Condoms are the main method that also reduces STI transmission; most other methods do not protect against STIs.

Effectiveness varies by method and use. Long-acting reversible methods (LARCs) such as implants and IUDs have high effectiveness with minimal user action. Daily or per-occasion methods require adherence. Side effects can include irregular bleeding, nausea, or mood changes for some users; many people can safely use most methods, though not all are suitable for everyone. Access to counseling, affordability, and social supports influence uptake. Contraception empowers reproductive autonomy and is a key component of public health strategies to reduce unintended pregnancies and improve maternal and child health.