Colorrectal

Colorrectal, often spelled colorectal, refers to the colon and rectum, components of the large intestine. The term is used in medicine to describe anatomy, physiology, and diseases affecting this region. The colon absorbs water and electrolytes, while the rectum stores feces before defecation.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major malignancy in this area in many populations. It typically develops from adenomatous polyps that accumulate genetic changes over years. Other common conditions include inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, diverticular disease, and benign polyps. These conditions can cause symptoms ranging from changes in bowel habits and abdominal pain to rectal bleeding and anemia.

Diagnosis relies on screening tests and endoscopic evaluation. Colonoscopy with biopsy is the standard for detection and removal of polyps. Noninvasive tests include fecal occult blood testing and stool DNA tests; imaging such as CT colonography or MRI may be used for staging and diagnosis.

Treatment depends on the condition. Colorectal cancer treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. Polyp removal during colonoscopy can prevent cancer. Inflammatory bowel disease management uses anti-inflammatory drugs, immunomodulators, or biologics; diverticular disease is treated with diet, antibiotics for infection, and sometimes surgery.

Screening programs aim to detect cancer early and reduce mortality. Guidelines typically recommend starting at age 45–50 for average-risk individuals, with ongoing testing at intervals depending on risk. The term colorrectal is commonly a misspelling of colorectal.