Coaching

Coaching is a collaborative, goal-oriented process in which a trained coach supports a client to enhance performance, develop skills, and achieve personal or professional objectives. Unlike psychotherapy, coaching focuses on present circumstances and future possibilities, emphasizing strengths, options, and accountability rather than examining past pathology.

Originating in sports coaching, the practice expanded into business and personal development in the late 20th century. Professional coaching involves structured conversations, active listening, powerful questioning, feedback, and action planning. It is typically conducted under a formal agreement and within ethical boundaries.

Common domains include executive coaching, business or leadership coaching, life coaching, career coaching, and sports coaching. Coaches may work one-on-one or with teams, and may perform as facilitators, mentors, or consultants depending on the arrangement and boundaries.

Techniques and models: coaches often use the GROW model (Goal, Reality, Options, Will) and SMART goals, alongside strengths assessments, 360-degree feedback, and structured accountability. The emphasis is on helping clients co-create solutions and commit to concrete steps.

Effectiveness and ethics: evidence supports coaching benefits in performance, engagement, and skill development, particularly in organizational settings, though results vary by context. Ethical practice includes maintaining confidentiality, obtaining informed consent, avoiding conflicts of interest, and recognizing boundaries between coaching and therapy or consulting.

Training and credentials: many coaches pursue professional certification through bodies such as the International Coaching Federation or the European Mentoring and Coaching Council, supplemented by supervision, ongoing education, and mentor coaching. Standards and requirements vary by jurisdiction and specialization.