Ciszt

Ciszt is a closed, sac-like structure that forms in various tissues or organs. It is typically lined by epithelium and filled with fluid, semisolid material, or gas. Most cysts are benign and noninfected, and they differ from abscesses, which contain pus and active infection.

Cysts arise from different processes. Simple cysts have thin walls and clear fluid; complex cysts may contain solid parts or septations and carry a higher risk of malignancy in some contexts. A pseudocyst lacks an epithelial lining and often follows tissue injury, such as pancreatitis.

Common sites include ovaries, kidneys, liver, breasts, pancreas, skin, and joints. Cysts can be developmental, congenital, infectious, degenerative, or acquired. Many cysts are asymptomatic and found incidentally, while larger cysts can cause pain, fullness, or pressure symptoms.

Diagnosis relies on imaging. Ultrasound is usually first-line; CT or MRI offers additional detail. Fluid analysis from aspiration, and laboratory tests such as tumor markers, may help distinguish benign from malignant features in certain cysts, particularly in the ovaries.

Treatment depends on cyst type, size, symptoms, and cancer risk. Asymptomatic simple cysts are often observed. Symptomatic or suspicious cysts may be drained or surgically removed. In pancreatic pseudocysts, treatment targets pancreatitis; in polycystic kidney disease, management focuses on kidney function and blood pressure.

Prognosis varies. Simple cysts generally have an excellent outlook, while complex cysts or cysts associated with systemic disease may require ongoing monitoring and follow-up, as recurrence is possible in some conditions.