Cavitationinduced

Cavitation-induced phenomena refer to the physical processes and damage caused by the formation, growth, and collapse of vapor-filled or gas-filled cavities (bubbles) in liquids. This phenomenon occurs when local pressure in a fluid drops below its vapor pressure, leading to the nucleation of vapor bubbles. Cavitation is commonly observed in high-speed fluid flow, such as around propellers, hydrofoils, and pump impellers, as well as in ultrasonic cleaning and medical devices.

The collapse of these cavities, known as cavitation bubbles, generates intense localized pressures and temperatures, often exceeding thousands of atmospheres and thousands of kelvin, respectively. When these bubbles collapse near solid surfaces, the resulting shock waves and microjets can cause significant erosion, pitting, and material degradation. This process is particularly problematic in engineering applications, such as marine propulsion systems, hydraulic machinery, and fuel injectors, where it can lead to reduced efficiency, increased maintenance costs, and equipment failure.

Cavitation-induced damage is influenced by factors such as fluid velocity, pressure fluctuations, surface material properties, and the presence of dissolved gases or impurities. Mitigation strategies include modifying the geometry of components to reduce pressure gradients, using cavitation-resistant materials, and applying surface treatments such as coatings or polishing. Additionally, controlling fluid flow conditions, such as reducing turbulence or adjusting operating parameters, can help minimize cavitation effects.

Beyond mechanical damage, cavitation also has applications in processes like particle fragmentation, chemical synthesis, and biomedical treatments. In ultrasonic cavitation, for instance, the collapse of bubbles generates high-energy environments that can break down contaminants or facilitate chemical reactions. However, unintended cavitation in industrial systems must be carefully managed to prevent operational disruptions and structural degradation.