Carving

Carving is a sculptural process in which form is created by removing material from a solid block. It is usually associated with wood and stone, but other media—bone, ivory, ice, fruit, and synthetic materials—are carved as well. Carving is subtractive, in contrast to modeling, which adds material. The technique yields reliefs, freestanding sculpture, or decorative objects.

Wood carving includes relief and free-standing sculpture. Common methods are chip carving, gouge work, and whittling; tools such as chisels, gouges, knives, mallets, and rasps are used to shape and finish surfaces. Stone carving uses chisels, rasps, drills, and sometimes abrasives to remove material from a block, with finishes ranging from matte to polished. Ice carving and fruit/vegetable carving are practiced for events and culinary arts.

Historical and cultural contexts vary. In many civilizations, carved wood and stone decorated architecture, religious objects, mirrors, furniture, and sculpture. Asian, European, African, and Indigenous traditions each developed distinctive styles and techniques. In modern practice, carving persists as both fine art and craft, often blending traditional methods with power tools and digital fabrication.

Ethics and regulation affect material choices, notably the restrictions on ivory and other endangered materials. Carvers also emphasize sustainable sourcing of wood and responsible artistry. Carving remains a versatile practice, supporting decorative arts, commemorative works, and functional objects across cultures.