Cannabigerol

Cannabigerol (CBG) is a cannabinoid found in Cannabis sativa. It is non-psychoactive and typically present in lower amounts in most cannabis strains, though some varieties are bred to have higher CBG content. CBG is often referred to as the “mother” cannabinoid because its acidic form, cannabigerolic acid (CBG-A or CBGA), serves as the biosynthetic precursor to the major cannabinoids tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and cannabichromenic acid (CBCA).

In the cannabis plant, CBGA is formed from olivetolic acid and geranyl pyrophosphate. Enzymes such as THCA synthase, CBDA synthase, and CBCA synthase convert CBGA into THCA, CBDA, and CBCA, respectively. Decarboxylation by heat or aging converts these acidic cannabinoids into their neutral forms (THC, CBD, CBC). Because CBGA is continually consumed to make other cannabinoids, CBG levels often remain relatively low in mature plants unless specifically bred for its retention.

Pharmacology and effects are primarily studied in preclinical contexts. CBG interacts with the endocannabinoid system but has relatively low affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors, behaving as a weak partial agonist. It also modulates other targets, including TRP channels (such as TRPV1 and TRPA1), 5-HT1A receptors, and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. Preclinical research has reported potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective properties, and some studies suggest a possible reduction in intraocular pressure in glaucoma models.

Clinical status is not established. There are no approved medical uses for CBG in major jurisdictions, and human data are limited. Safety profiles and dosing require more study. CBG products are typically found in hemp-derived preparations with variable concentrations and quality controls.