Cameleons

Cameleons (more commonly spelled chameleons) are a distinctive family of Old World lizards, Chamaeleonidae, known for their independently mobile eyes, projectile tongues, and ability to change color. About two hundred species are recognized, occupying a range of habitats including rainforests, savannas, shrublands and semi-arid areas across Africa, Madagascar, parts of southern Europe and Asia.

Physical characteristics vary widely: species range from a few centimeters in length to more than half a meter. Many have laterally compressed bodies, zygodactylous feet adapted for grasping branches, and prehensile tails. Color change is achieved by rearranging specialized skin cells (chromatophores) and serves for communication, thermoregulation and camouflage rather than purely concealment.

Cameleons are primarily insectivorous, using a rapid, sticky-tipped tongue to capture prey; larger species may take small vertebrates. Reproductive modes include egg-laying and, in some species, live birth. Lifecycle, social behavior and territoriality vary by species.

Several chameleon species face conservation threats from habitat loss, fragmentation, invasive species and collection for the pet trade. Conservation measures include habitat protection, trade regulation and captive-breeding programs. Scientific interest continues in their physiology, visual systems and evolutionary diversity.