Calumniar

Calumniar is a verb that means to make false statements about someone with the purpose of damaging that person’s reputation, often by accusing them of a crime or of wrongdoing. The act is typically understood as intentional deception presented as fact, rather than as a disputed opinion or rumor.

Etymology and sense: Calumniar derives from Latin calumnia, calumniare, terms that referred to false accusations and the harm caused by deceit. In modern Spanish, the verb keeps a strong legal and moral connotation, signaling that the statements are unfounded and aimed at injuring another person’s character or standing.

Legal and ethical context: In many legal systems, calumnias (calumnies) are treated as separate from injurias (insults) or difamaciones (defamations). Calumny involves alleging criminal conduct or other serious wrongdoing that is false, whereas injurias concern offenses to honor or dignity that may not involve a crime. The distinctions and definitions can vary by jurisdiction, and some places treat severe false accusations as constitutes of crimes or offenses with possible penalties.

Usage notes: Calumniar is commonly used in formal or journalistic language, and its use implies a judgment about falsity and intent. It can occur in person, in public statements, or through media and online platforms. Caution is advised when alleging calumny, as making or repeating false accusations can carry legal risks.

Related terms: calumnia (the act or the accusation), calumnioso (adjective describing something related to calumny), difamar (to defame, a broader term), injuriar (to insult or to injure dignity).