Bursaphelenchus

Bursaphelenchus is a genus of plant-parasitic nematodes in the phylum Nematoda. The best known species is Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, commonly called the pinewood nematode, which is the principal agent of pine wilt disease. The genus includes several other species that inhabit conifer wood and are often associated with fungal communities.

Life history and ecology: Bursaphelenchus species typically inhabit weakened or dead wood and are often found in association with resin canals and wood-decay fungi. Many species rely on insect vectors for dispersal; for B. xylophilus, long-horned beetles in the genus Monochamus transport nematodes between trees during beetle flights. Once inside a host tree, nematodes multiply and can disrupt water transport, contributing to rapid wilting and death in susceptible pines.

Distribution and significance: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus originated in North America and has spread to Asia and Europe, where it has caused major outbreaks in pine forests. The disease it vectors, pine wilt disease, poses serious risks to forestry and timber industries in affected regions.

Management and control: Control measures emphasize early detection, quarantine and restrictions on movement of wood and timber products, removal and destruction of infested trees, and sanitation of wood. Integrated approaches include silvicultural practices, targeted beetle control where feasible, and ongoing research into resistant tree varieties and biological control options.