Bryokudan

Bryokudan, also rendered boryokudan, is a Japanese term used to refer to organized crime groups, most commonly the Yakuza. The term literally means “violent groups” and is used by authorities to designate criminal organizations that operate in Japan and, to varying degrees, abroad. In English-language sources the terms boryokudan and bryokudan are both encountered.

Organization and structure

Japanese bryokudan are typically organized into families or clans called kumiai or kumi, centered on a kumicho (boss). A hierarchy includes senior leaders (wakagashira, shatei) and many members who maintain a public front in legitimate businesses. Membership has traditionally been lifelong and often linked to apprenticeship and ritual ties, including tattoos (irezumi) as markers of affiliation and code of conduct.

Activities and influence

Historically, bryokudan have been involved in extortion, protection rackets, gambling, loan sharking, drug trafficking, and the control of certain business sectors such as construction, real estate, and entertainment districts. In recent decades they have diversified into legitimate enterprises, money lending, and, in some cases, cybercrime and international activities. While violence has been part of enforcement of discipline, groups often seek to present themselves as community actors or operators behind legitimate ventures.

Legal status and regulation

The Japanese government designates and regulates bryokudan as criminal organizations. Laws and guidelines encourage businesses to sever ties with designated groups and prohibit activities that facilitate organized crime. Penalties apply to individuals who provide support, and civil remedies are available to victims. The framework has been strengthened since the 1990s, though enforcement and social attitudes continue to evolve.

Notable groups

Yamaguchi-gumi is widely regarded as the largest bryokudan faction, with Sumiyoshi-kai and Inagawa-kai among other major groups.