Bottomland

Bottomland refers to low-lying alluvial lands along river valleys that are periodically flooded during high-water events. These floodplains are characterized by hydric soils—soils that remain saturated long enough to develop anaerobic conditions—and by the deposition of sediment during floods. Periodic flooding deposits nutrients and sediments that enhance soil fertility and support diverse habitats. The hydrology creates a mosaic of wetlands, backwaters, and floodplain forests that are adapted to seasonal inundation.

Bottomland forests, often called bottomland hardwoods, are common in these zones and include tree species such as cottonwood, sycamore, swamp white oak, water maple, and bald cypress in appropriate regions. The area supports rich wildlife assemblages, including amphibians, waterfowl, wading birds, migratory songbirds, and various fish in backwaters and seasonal streams.

Human use and management: Bottomlands are among the most fertile agricultural lands and have been used for crops such as corn, cotton, and rice in suitable climates. They also supply timber and wildlife habitat. Because flooding can threaten crops and development, many bottomlands have been leveed, drained, or otherwise altered for flood control. Restoration efforts aim to reestablish natural flood regimes, reconnect wetlands, and conserve bottomland hardwood ecosystems.

Geographic scope: The term is widely used in North America, especially along the Mississippi and Ohio River basins, where bottomland forests are common. Similar floodplain concepts occur in Europe, Asia, and other river systems.