Botmorfogenetische

Botmorfogenetische, more commonly referred to as bone morphogenetic factors, are a group of growth factors within the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily that induce bone and cartilage formation. They play crucial roles in embryonic skeletal development as well as in the repair of bone injuries by promoting osteogenesis and chondrogenesis from progenitor cells.

Mechanism of action involves binding of bone morphogenetic proteins to heteromeric BMP receptors type I and II on target cells. This activates intracellular SMAD signaling (SMAD1/5/8) which forms a complex with SMAD4 and translocates to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Key osteogenic transcription factors such as RUNX2 and Osterix are upregulated, driving differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts. BMP signaling also interacts with other pathways, including Wnt, to coordinate bone formation and remodeling.

Discovery of the osteoinductive properties of bone matrix in the 1960s by Marshall Urist established the concept of bone morphogenetic proteins. Demineralized bone matrix was shown to elicit new bone formation, leading to identification and isolation of specific BMPs that could be produced recombinantly for clinical use.

Clinical applications include the treatment of difficult bone repair scenarios such as spinal fusion, long-bone nonunions, and dental and maxillofacial procedures requiring extensive bone regeneration. Recombinant human BMPs (for example rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7) are used in selected indications to enhance osteogenesis, often as an adjunct to carrier materials. Usage requires careful dosing and monitoring due to potential adverse effects.

Safety and limitations include risks of ectopic or excessive bone formation, inflammatory reactions, swelling, and possible nerve or soft tissue complications. Regulatory status and guidelines vary by country, and long-term safety continues to be evaluated in clinical practice.