Blóðútslag

Blóðútslag is the Icelandic medical term for hemorrhage or bleeding. It refers to the escape of blood from blood vessels or to the accumulation of blood within the body. Blóðútslag can be external, visible as blood leaving the body through a wound, or internal, occurring when blood collects inside body cavities, organs, or spaces without obvious external bleeding. It can range from minor to life-threatening and requires medical evaluation to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

Causes of blóðútslag are varied. Common triggers include trauma such as cuts or blunt injury, surgical procedures, and ruptured ulcers or aneurysms. Disorders that affect blood clotting, liver disease, kidney disease, cancer, and severe infections can also lead to bleeding. Medications that increase bleeding risk, including anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, can contribute as well. In some cases, internal bleeding follows major medical procedures or occurs in association with acute medical conditions.

Presentation and diagnosis: External bleeding is usually obvious and quantifiable by observed blood loss. Internal bleeding signs depend on location and may include pain, swelling, lightheadedness, rapid pulse, low blood pressure, or anemia. Diagnosis combines patient history and physical examination with laboratory tests (hemoglobin, hematocrit, coagulation studies) and imaging (ultrasound, CT) to locate the bleed and assess severity.

Treatment and prognosis: Initial management focuses on stopping the bleed, maintaining airway and circulation, and addressing shock if present. Depending on severity, treatment may include direct pressure and wound care for external bleeds, intravenous fluids or blood transfusions for significant blood loss, and surgical intervention when required. Prognosis depends on the underlying cause, the location of the bleed, and the speed of treatment. Prevention emphasizes injury prevention, safe medication use, and management of bleeding disorders.