Blybatterier

Blybatterier, or lead batteries, are rechargeable electrochemical energy storage devices that use lead electrodes and a sulfuric acid electrolyte. Invented by Gaston Planté in 1859, they are among the oldest and most widely used rechargeable batteries. The combination of low cost, high surge current, and established recycling infrastructure keeps them in extensive use, especially for automotive starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) and backup power.

Blybatterier are primarily categorized into flooded lead-acid (FLA) and valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) types. Flooded cells contain free liquid electrolyte and require venting. VRLA variants include absorbed glass mat (AGM) and gel-cell batteries, which recombine gases and are maintenance-free but more sensitive to high temperatures and overcharging.

Chemistry: Each cell uses a positive electrode of lead dioxide (PbO2), a negative electrode of spongy lead (Pb), and a sulfuric acid electrolyte. Discharge converts Pb and PbO2 with H2SO4 to lead sulfate (PbSO4) and water; charging reverses the reaction. The nominal voltage is about 2.0 V per cell, with common configurations of 6 cells for 12 V batteries. Specific energy is relatively low (roughly 30–50 Wh/kg) but can provide high surge currents.

Performance and life: Typical cycle life ranges from several hundred to over a thousand cycles, depending on depth of discharge, temperature, and maintenance. They are moderately sensitive to temperature and require proper charging regimes to avoid sulfation or water loss.

Recycling and safety: Lead batteries have a well-developed recycling stream, with high recovery of lead and plastics. Improper handling poses lead exposure and acid hazards; protective equipment and environmental controls are essential.

Applications: Widely used in automotive, telecom, UPS, renewable energy storage, and industrial power systems.