Biometrija

Biometrija is the field that studies the measurement and analysis of unique physical and behavioral characteristics to identify or verify individuals. It relies on biometric identifiers that can be physiological, such as fingerprints, facial geometry, iris or retinal patterns, palm prints, and voice, or behavioral, such as keystroke dynamics, gait, and signature.

A typical biometric system works in stages: data capture of a selected trait, feature extraction to create a biometric template, and matching against stored templates to produce a decision. The system performs either verification (one-to-one) or identification (one-to-many). Accuracy is described by error rates such as false acceptance and false rejection, which depend on sensor quality, conditions, aging, and population diversity.

Common modalities include fingerprints, facial recognition, iris and retinal scans, voice recognition, and gait analysis. Applications span security and access control, border and airport screening, mobile device authentication, identity management in government and finance, and forensic investigations. Biometric systems are integrated into consumer devices, corporate networks, and public services to streamline authentication and improve security.

Challenges include privacy and data protection, consent, the potential for data breaches, and biases in recognition across populations. Biometric data are highly sensitive and, in many jurisdictions, subject to strict regulatory controls. Mitigation strategies include liveness detection, encrypted and privacy-preserving storage, secure enrollment processes, and adherence to standards. Key standards cover data interchange (ISO/IEC 19794) and attack detection (ISO/IEC 30107).