Biodeterioration

Biodeterioration is the deterioration of materials, surfaces, or living tissue caused by the growth and metabolism of biological agents. It arises from interactions with microorganisms, plants, and animals that degrade or discolor substrates, alter physical properties, or compromise integrity. The term is widely used in conservation, materials science, and agriculture.

Common agents include fungi, bacteria, algae, and lichens, as well as insects such as termites and wood-boring beetles. Fungi and bacteria produce enzymes and acids that break down cellulose, lignin, polymers, or metals. Biofilms trap moisture and contaminants, while macroorganisms can cause mechanical damage.

Environmental conditions strongly influence biodeterioration. High humidity, elevated temperature, light exposure, and nutrient availability favor microbial growth on stone, wood, textiles, paper, and plastics. Substrates with porous structure or deteriorated coatings are especially vulnerable.

Assessment combines visual inspection with microscopy, culture methods, and molecular techniques, complemented by non-destructive imaging. Prevention prioritizes environmental control, cleaning, and physical barriers. Where needed, carefully chosen biocides or protective coatings may be used in an integrated pest management framework to minimize ecological impact.

Biodeterioration has economic and cultural implications, affecting buildings, artworks, archives, crops, and stored products. Understanding its mechanisms supports preservation, heritage conservation, and quality control across sectors.