Backaches

Backaches refer to pain, stiffness, or aching anywhere in the back, including the upper, middle, or lower regions. They are one of the most common reasons people seek medical care and are usually self-limited, though some cases become chronic.

Most back pain is due to musculoskeletal strain from lifting, twisting, overuse, or poor posture. Other common causes include degenerative changes in the spine such as osteoarthritis or disc problems, spinal stenosis, and injuries. Less common sources include infections, kidney stones, inflammatory conditions, tumors, or referred pain from the torso or abdominal organs.

Symptoms vary with cause but often include localized ache, stiffness after rest, or pain that radiates to the buttocks or legs (sciatica). Red flags prompting urgent evaluation include severe trauma, fever or night pain, unexplained weight loss, numbness or weakness in the legs, bowel or bladder dysfunction, or diabetes with neuropathy.

Diagnosis relies on history and exam; imaging or other tests are usually reserved for persistent pain, red flags, or suspected specific conditions. Treatment emphasizes staying active within tolerance, gradual return to normal activity, and pain relief as needed. First-line measures include heat or cold therapy, and non-prescription analgesics such as NSAIDs or acetaminophen if not contraindicated. Physical therapy, structured exercise, and ergonomic adjustments are commonly recommended. In some cases, prescription medications, injections, or surgery may be considered.

Prevention focuses on regular exercise that strengthens the back and core, flexible muscles, proper lifting techniques, posture, and an ergonomic work environment. Most acute back pain improves within a few weeks; chronic back pain may require multidisciplinary care and longer treatment.