Automobile

An automobile, or car, is a self-propelled vehicle designed for land transportation on roads. Most automobiles are powered by an internal combustion engine using fossil fuels, or by electric motors, and are used to carry passengers and, in many cases, goods.

Self-propelled road vehicles emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries with steam, electric, and internal-combustion designs. Karl Benz built the first practical gasoline-powered automobile in 1885–1886. In the early 20th century, mass production, notably by Henry Ford, reduced costs and accelerated global adoption, transforming mobility and industry.

Modern cars combine a chassis or unibody frame with a powertrain comprising an engine or electric motor, a transmission, drive shafts or axles, and a braking and suspension system. They include a steering system, electrical architecture, fuel or energy storage, safety features, and a passenger compartment.

Automobiles vary in body style and purpose, including sedans, hatchbacks, SUVs, and pickups. Powertrains range from internal-combustion engines to battery electric, plug-in hybrid, hybrid, and hydrogen fuel cell systems. Autonomous and connected features are increasingly integrated through sensors, software, and vehicle-to-everything communications.

Manufacturing is global, with major markets in North America, Europe, and Asia. Governments regulate vehicle safety, emissions, and licensing; standards and test procedures influence design and performance. Road networks and urban planning affect how cars are used and integrated with other transport modes.

The automobile has had broad social and environmental impacts, enabling mobility but contributing to energy use and congestion. Ongoing trends include electrification, advanced driver assistance, shared mobility, and automated driving, with policy and infrastructure developments shaping its evolution.