Attentiondeficithyperactivity

Attentiondeficithyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder, commonly known as ADHD. It is defined by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. The condition begins in childhood and may continue into adolescence and adulthood.

Inattention symptoms include careless mistakes, difficulty sustaining attention, not listening, poor organization, losing items, distractibility, and forgetfulness. Hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms include fidgeting, restlessness, excessive talking, interrupting, and difficulty waiting their turn.

Diagnosis typically requires several symptoms before age 12, impairment in two or more settings, and clear functional impact. Criteria may differ by DSM-5-TR and ICD-11. Symptoms must persist for at least six months and not be better explained by another disorder.

Presentations include predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined.

Causes involve genetic and environmental factors. Variants in dopamine-related genes and differences in frontostriatal brain circuits are linked to risk. There is no evidence that sugar intake or parenting alone causes Attentiondeficithyperactivity.

Management is typically multimodal: behavioral therapy, school accommodations, and psychoeducation, with medication for many individuals. Stimulants such as methylphenidate or amphetamines are effective for many, while non-stimulants like atomoxetine or guanfacine are alternatives. Regular follow-up is advised.

Worldwide prevalence is about 5–7% in children, with lower, variable rates in adults. Many individuals improve with age, though impairments can persist. Early diagnosis and comprehensive treatment improve long-term outcomes.