Asbestoosi

Asbestoosi, or asbestosis, is a chronic lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers. It is a form of pneumoconiosis that leads to progressive interstitial fibrosis, especially in the lung bases, as a result of long-term occupational exposure to asbestos. The latency period between first exposure and symptom onset is often several decades. Common symptoms include shortness of breath on exertion, a dry cough, chest tightness, and inspiratory crackles on auscultation. In advanced cases, exercise intolerance and hypoxemia may occur.

Diagnosis rests on exposure history, characteristic imaging, and lung function tests. High-resolution CT scans typically show bilateral basilar interstitial reticulation that can progress to honeycombing. Pulmonary function tests reveal a restrictive pattern with reduced diffusing capacity (DLCO). Histology may show interstitial fibrosis with ferruginous bodies.

Asbestosis increases the risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma, and patients with asbestos exposure may have multiple coexisting interstitial lung diseases. There is no cure; management focuses on preventing further exposure, relieving symptoms, and treating complications. Supplemental oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, and vaccination against respiratory infections are commonly recommended. Smoking cessation is essential, as smoking worsens cancer risk. Regular monitoring for cancer and progression of fibrosis is advised.

Prevention hinges on strict occupational controls to limit asbestos exposure, use of personal protective equipment, engineering controls, and surveillance. Public health regulations have reduced new cases in many regions, but asbestosis remains a critical occupational health concern in areas with historical asbestos use.